The growing complexity, diversity and interconnectedness of the financial system is creating new opportunities for criminals. As a result, the anti-money laundering (AML) red flags firms are monitoring will change. So what should compliance teams be looking for, and how do these risks vary by industry?
What are Red Flags in AML?
AML red flags are common warning signs alerting firms and law enforcement to a suspicious transaction that may involve money laundering.
The Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF) international standards to fight money laundering and the financing of terrorism and proliferation provides a comprehensive and consistent framework of measures for firms to follow.
Here are our top 10 AML red flag indicators:
1. Secretive new clients who avoid personal contact
Firms should have Know Your Customer (KYC) and customer due diligence (CDD) procedures in place when onboarding new clients. If a customer refuses to answer questions about themselves, firms should consider whether this is suspicious, especially if they have criminal associations, or know an unusual amount about the money laundering process.
2. Unusual transactions
Customers trying to launder funds may carry out unusual transactions. Firms should look out for activity that is inconsistent with their expected behavior, such as large cash payments, unexplained payments from a third party, or use of multiple or foreign accounts. These are all AML red flags.
3. Unusual source of funds
Transactions involving large amounts of cash or private funding could indicate money laundering, and if cash deposits or complex crypto assets are involved, identifying the source can be difficult.
4. Transaction has unusual features
The size, nature or frequency of transactions, or repetitive instructions involving common features, are all AML red flags. Firms should be particularly alert if a transaction appears unusual for the customer’s profile, or if there is unexplained urgency.
5. Geographic concerns
If a firm is not local to the customer, why are they using it? Unexplained connections with – and movement of money between – jurisdictions should also raise suspicions.
6. Politically exposed persons
Individuals – and their family and associates – in high positions are more vulnerable to corruption and could pose a higher risk of money laundering for quid-pro-quo favors or kickbacks. While no standardized global definition exists, PEPs typically include heads of state, senior politicians or government officials, judicial or military officials, senior executives of state-owned corporations, or important political party officials.
7. Ultimate beneficial ownership is unclear
Ultimate beneficial owners are the people who ultimately own or manage a company. Complex ownership structures, or the use of shell companies, could be an attempt to disguise criminal activities and carry out financial crime.
8. Jurisdiction risk
Some countries or jurisdictions have high levels of corruption, unstable governments, or are known as money laundering havens. They could also have inadequate AML/CFT regulatory and judicial frameworks, or be subject to economic sanctions. Transactions that involve these countries should be carefully monitored as AML red flags.
9. Sanctions exposure
It is important that firms review relevant international sanctions lists to ensure that customers are not sanctioned themselves, or involved, or transacting with, a sanctioned entity. As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has demonstrated, sanctions lists are subject to change at short notice. This means firms need to ensure they have a real-time plan for managing rapid changes.
10. Adverse media
Additional checks may also be needed if the customer is a subject of negative news media in any part of the world, as this could increase AML risk. Firms should ensure their adverse media screening is appropriately aligned with common predicate offenses.
How do AML red flags vary by industry?
While the above tips provide general guidance regarding customers and transactions to be wary of, the nature of red flags will vary by customer and industry.
For example, the virtual asset industry faces specific risks that firms should be aware of. The FATF recently issued guidance on virtual asset (VA) red flags, highlighting six key areas of focus:
- Transactions: Firms should look out for the structuring of VA transactions (e.g. transfer or exchange) in amounts under record-keeping or reporting thresholds
- Transaction patterns: A new user may attempt to trade the entire balance of VAs, or withdraw the VAs and attempt to send the entire balance off the platform
- Anonymity: Firms should look out for customer transactions involving more than one type of VA and especially VAs that provide higher anonymity, such as anonymity-enhanced cryptocurrency (AEC) or privacy coins
- Senders or recipients: Customers may create separate accounts under different names to circumvent restrictions on trading or withdrawal limits imposed by VASPs
- Source of funds or wealth: The use of one or multiple debit and/or credit cards that are connected to a VA wallet to withdraw significant amounts of fiat currency (crypto-to-plastic), or funds for purchasing VAs are sourced from cash deposits into credit cards
- Geographical risks: Customer uses a VA exchange or foreign-located money or value transfer service (MVTS) in a high-risk jurisdiction with inadequate AML/CFT regulations for VA entities, including inadequate CDD or KYC measures
Next steps
Following FATF guidance and local legislation, AML programs should ensure a risk-based model that reflects their threat landscape and regulatory environment, effectively highlighting any AML red flags. This should include suitable CDD processes, identifying customers for enhanced due diligence (EDD), transaction monitoring measures, and sanctions, PEPs and adverse media screening.
FinTech Regulation: What You Need to Know
Find out more about crypto AML red flags and what firms need to know about FinTech regulations.
What are Red Flags in AML?
AML red flags are common warning signs alerting firms and law enforcement to a suspicious transaction that may involve money laundering.
The Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF) international standards to fight money laundering and the financing of terrorism and proliferation provides a comprehensive and consistent framework of measures for firms to follow.
Here are our top 10 AML red flag indicators:
1. Secretive new clients who avoid personal contact
Firms should have Know Your Customer (KYC) and customer due diligence (CDD) procedures in place when onboarding new clients. If a customer refuses to answer questions about themselves, firms should consider whether this is suspicious, especially if they have criminal associations, or know an unusual amount about the money laundering process.
2. Unusual transactions
Customers trying to launder funds may carry out unusual transactions. Firms should look out for activity that is inconsistent with their expected behavior, such as large cash payments, unexplained payments from a third party, or use of multiple or foreign accounts. These are all AML red flags.
3. Unusual source of funds
Transactions involving large amounts of cash or private funding could indicate money laundering, and if cash deposits or complex crypto assets are involved, identifying the source can be difficult.
4. Transaction has unusual features
The size, nature or frequency of transactions, or repetitive instructions involving common features, are all AML red flags. Firms should be particularly alert if a transaction appears unusual for the customer’s profile, or if there is unexplained urgency.
5. Geographic concerns
If a firm is not local to the customer, why are they using it? Unexplained connections with – and movement of money between – jurisdictions should also raise suspicions.
6. Politically exposed persons
Individuals – and their family and associates – in high positions are more vulnerable to corruption and could pose a higher risk of money laundering for quid-pro-quo favors or kickbacks. While no standardized global definition exists, PEPs typically include heads of state, senior politicians or government officials, judicial or military officials, senior executives of state-owned corporations, or important political party officials.
7. Ultimate beneficial ownership is unclear
Ultimate beneficial owners are the people who ultimately own or manage a company. Complex ownership structures, or the use of shell companies, could be an attempt to disguise criminal activities and carry out financial crime.
8. Jurisdiction risk
Some countries or jurisdictions have high levels of corruption, unstable governments, or are known as money laundering havens. They could also have inadequate AML/CFT regulatory and judicial frameworks, or be subject to economic sanctions. Transactions that involve these countries should be carefully monitored as AML red flags.
9. Sanctions exposure
It is important that firms review relevant international sanctions lists to ensure that customers are not sanctioned themselves, or involved, or transacting with, a sanctioned entity. As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has demonstrated, sanctions lists are subject to change at short notice. This means firms need to ensure they have a real-time plan for managing rapid changes.
10. Adverse media
Additional checks may also be needed if the customer is a subject of negative news media in any part of the world, as this could increase AML risk. Firms should ensure their adverse media screening is appropriately aligned with common predicate offenses.
How do AML red flags vary by industry?
While the above tips provide general guidance regarding customers and transactions to be wary of, the nature of red flags will vary by customer and industry.
For example, the virtual asset industry faces specific risks that firms should be aware of. The FATF recently issued guidance on virtual asset (VA) red flags, highlighting six key areas of focus:
- Transactions: Firms should look out for the structuring of VA transactions (e.g. transfer or exchange) in amounts under record-keeping or reporting thresholds
- Transaction patterns: A new user may attempt to trade the entire balance of VAs, or withdraw the VAs and attempt to send the entire balance off the platform
- Anonymity: Firms should look out for customer transactions involving more than one type of VA and especially VAs that provide higher anonymity, such as anonymity-enhanced cryptocurrency (AEC) or privacy coins
- Senders or recipients: Customers may create separate accounts under different names to circumvent restrictions on trading or withdrawal limits imposed by VASPs
- Source of funds or wealth: The use of one or multiple debit and/or credit cards that are connected to a VA wallet to withdraw significant amounts of fiat currency (crypto-to-plastic), or funds for purchasing VAs are sourced from cash deposits into credit cards
- Geographical risks: Customer uses a VA exchange or foreign-located money or value transfer service (MVTS) in a high-risk jurisdiction with inadequate AML/CFT regulations for VA entities, including inadequate CDD or KYC measures
Next steps
Following FATF guidance and local legislation, AML programs should ensure a risk-based model that reflects their threat landscape and regulatory environment, effectively highlighting any AML red flags. This should include suitable CDD processes, identifying customers for enhanced due diligence (EDD), transaction monitoring measures, and sanctions, PEPs and adverse media screening.
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Originally published September 23, 2022, updated September 23, 2022
